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Ethereum's inflation rate explained: no hard cap on supply

Ethereum's Inflation Rate Under Scrutiny | No Supply Cap but Inflation Ideas

By

Vitalik Buterin

Jan 25, 2026, 02:16 AM

3 minutes reading time

Graphic illustrating Ethereum's inflation rate with a rising graph and validator icons, showing no hard cap on supply.

A rising number of people are raising concerns about Ethereumโ€™s unique inflation model. Despite not having a hard cap like Bitcoin's, the protocol sets limits on the rate of supply growth. These concerns follow some recent shifts since the network transitioned to proof-of-stake.

Supply Growth: Balancing Act

Ethereum's supply often sparks debates on whether itโ€™s capped or uncapped, leading to misunderstandings. The current inflation model allows for an upper limit on supply increase in specified time intervals. This clarity aims to focus discussions around its monetary policy and delineate what inflation means in this context.

"Issuance cannot go to literal zero,โ€ says one expert on network security, highlighting the necessity of continuous payment streams to validators.

What Changed After the Merge?

Following the switch to proof-of-stake, block production and consensus rewards switched from proof-of-work mining calculations to more regimented protocols. This shift establishes a more predictable issuance path, linking it to how much ETH is staked rather than how much computational power one possesses. With this model, validator revenue factors in three components: issuance, transaction fees, and maximal extractable value (MEV). Notably, the base fee is burned instead of handed over to validators, which raises questions on long-term funding stability for the network.

User Perspectives on Security and Issuance

Several comments reflect skepticism about relying solely on transaction fees for security. One user stated, "If there's no huge transaction volume, you also don't have high transaction fees,โ€ suggesting a risk in the current model. This sentiment echoes a broader concern about Ethereum's security framework.

Another pointed out, "As someone whoโ€™s been in Ethereum since the beginning, it was always the intention to run with 'minimal viable issuance.'" This shows a level of confidence in Ethereum's ability to stabilize its economic model while also ensuring validator security through planned reductions in issuance.

Key Themes in Community Feedback

  • Concerns Over Funding: Many express doubts about the networkโ€™s ability to sustain long-term security without high transaction fees.

  • Historical Intent: Long-time users emphasize that changes in issuance have been anticipated and part of Ethereumโ€™s strategy.

  • Criticism of Monetary Policy Changes: Some fear that past shifts in monetary policy may lead to future alterations, impacting trust.

Key Points to Note

  • ๐Ÿ”น Ethereum lacks a hard supply cap but has a controlled inflation rate model.

  • ๐Ÿ”น User feedback indicates worries over network security reliant on transaction fees.

  • ๐Ÿ”น Reactions reflect a mix of confusion and skepticism about future monetary policy changes.

This evolving situation around Ethereum's monetary policy raises critical questions. Can a protocol thrive without a fixed cap, and what implications does this model have for its users? The discussion continues.

Probable Path Ahead

With Ethereumโ€™s evolving inflation model, thereโ€™s a strong chance we might see increased volatility in transaction fee revenue, especially if network usage diminishes. Experts estimate around a 60% probability of a shift in user behavior as people reassess their stakes in such an uncertain environment. As more investors seek to understand the implications of no supply cap, we may witness either a rush to exit or a renewed influx, depending heavily on Ethereumโ€™s ability to effectively communicate its strategy. Future monetary adjustments could either stabilize its position or lead to further skepticism among long-standing users.

Lessons from the Pioneers

Looking back at historical contexts, the unfolding situation surrounding Ethereum parallels the early days of the internet, where uncertainties about online security led to a massive variety of business models. From those unpredictable beginnings emerged standardized protocols that shaped the digital landscape. Just as those first websites transitioned from chaotic concepts to reliable frameworks, Ethereum may find its footing in this new inflation model, but only if it adapts and rethinks its approach to value and security. The journey is often unpredictable, and the lessons from past innovators could guide Ethereum as it navigates this crucial phase.